Group2

Group 2: Michael, Orion, Owen, Palmer.

__**John Dalton**__ By Michael John Dalton was a English scientist, physicist and meteorologist, born in 1766. Dalton discovered colorblindness in 1794. Dalton was also colorblind, although he had a uncommon type of colourblindness, deuteroanopia. In 1803 he wrote his atomic theory. John had two strokes in his life, the latter leaving him with a speech impediment. He died in 1844.

**__John Dalton's Atomic Theory__** - all atoms of a element are identical in size, mass, and other properties, atoms from one element are different from another element - atoms cannot be destroyed, sub-divided, or created - atoms of different elements combine in simple ratios to make chemical compounds - in chemical reactions, atoms are separated, combined or rearranged - all matter is made up of atoms

- if elements are combined, they have a fixed ratio - confirms the basic laws of Chemistry - explains chemical change better than the particle theory || - his rule that atoms are indivisible is proven wrong because almost all of us know about the atomic bomb which split the atom. - doesn't include a nucleus - no inclusion of protons, neutrons, or electrons - doesn't talk about ions or isotopes - it made water OH and ammonia NH ||
 * Pros of his theory || Shortcomings of his theory ||
 * - matter is made up of atoms
 * __ Images __**

A depiction of John Dalton's theory.

A illustration of carbon.

**__References__** "Dalton's Atomic Theory." Clackamas Community College Distance Learning. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Sept. 2011. .

"The Particle Theory, States of Matter, Changes in States." Welcome to clickandlearn. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Sept. 2011. .

"Dalton's atomic theory." General Chemeisty Online. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Sept. 2011. <antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese

"An Atomic Theory Takes Shape." xtimeline.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Sept. 2011. [|www.xtimeline.com/evt/view.aspx?id=397725].

"Atomic Theory." Welcome to clickandlearn. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Sept. 2011. <http://www.clickandlearn.org/Gr9_

"John Dalton - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Sept. 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton All work was done on September 27, 2011 Thomson Model of the Atom By Palmer Thomson's plum pudding model of the atom was popular and was used greatly before 1908 until the Rutherford model became popular. Thomson's theory is that the atom is composed of electrons surrounded a soup or Pudding of a positive charge to balance out the negative charged electrons. The electrons which are believed to be scattered around the pudding or a "cloud of positive charge." Thomson experiment was with glass tubes and cathode ray tubes to experiment with electric currents. he found out there was negatively charged particles called electrons. The Thomson model is an improvement over the Dalton model because Thomson discovered that there was a negative charge in a atom called electrons. Scientists who contributed the theory were, Michael Faraday, Jons Berzelius, Dmitri Mendeleev, William Crookes, Henry Moseley and John Dalton.
 * Advantages ||  Disadvantages  ||
 * proves the existence of electrons ||  not very accurate  ||
 * introduces the concept of a nucleus ||  doesn’t explain the existence of electrons on the outside of the nucleus  ||

__ **References:** __ Atomic Theory. (n.d.). //Welcome to clickandlearn // . Retrieved October 17, 2011, from [] Plum pudding model - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n.d.). //Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia // . Retrieved October 17, 2011, from [] Redirect Notice. (n.d.). //Google // . Retrieved October 17, 2011, from [] = Thomson Model (English). (n.d.). //<span style="color: #000000; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> ////<span style="color: #000000; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">± ////<span style="color: #000000; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> ////<span style="color: #000000; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">q ////<span style="color: #000000; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> ////<span style="color: #000000; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">¨ ////<span style="color: #000000; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> ////<span style="color: #000000; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">w ////<span style="color: #000000; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> ////<span style="color: #000000; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">u ////<span style="color: #000000; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">À ////<span style="color: #000000; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">@ ////<span style="color: #000000; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">ã ////<span style="color: #000000; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">B ////<span style="color: #000000; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">å ////<span style="color: #000000; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">w ////<span style="color: #000000; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">å ////<span style="color: #000000; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">w ////<span style="color: #000000; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> ////<span style="color: #000000; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">@ ////<span style="color: #000000; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> ////<span style="color: #000000; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">w ////<span style="color: #000000; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">¤ ////<span style="color: #000000; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">@ ////<span style="color: #000000; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">¨ ////<span style="color: #000000; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">w ////<span style="color: #000000; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">å // <span style="color: #000000; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">. Retrieved October 17, 2011, from http://www.kutl.kyushu-u.ac.jp/seminar/MicroWorld1_E/Part2_E/P

__**Ernest Rutherford**__ By:Owen Ernest Rutherford improved the earlier model of an atom in 1911. He discovered information about the atom in England by sending positive energy (protons) through a thin piece of gold foil.Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden were students of Rutherford and they conducted the experiment under Rutherford’s guidance. During the experiment almost all of the positive charged energy went through the gold but about 1 of the 10,000 positive charges bounced back from a large in mass and very positively charged substance. Through this experiment Rutherford discovered the nucleus. Through farther research Rutherford found more information about the atom, he found that all of the positive energy and most of its mass is located at the centre of the atom at a very small point called the nucleus. In 1932 one of Rutherford’s student, James Chadwick discovered that there are neutral charged particles in the atom he named them Neutrons. Chadwick found out that a neutron has almost always has the same mass a proton would from the same atom. Rutherford improve the Thomson model by making a neucles. In Rutherford's model all of the positive charges are clumped together in the middle compared to Thomson's model where the postive charges are mixed with the negative charges.


 * Advantages of Rutherford’s Model of an Atom || Disadvantages of Rutherford’s model of an Atom ||
 * - it tells that there is a nucleus || - does not have neutrons included ||
 * - shows how the electrons cloud around the nucleus || - does not show how multiple layers of electrons there are surrounding the nucleus ||
 * - shows that the protons and electrons are not mixed together || - does not explain that the atom is a sphere ||

__**Rutherfords Model of an Atom**__

__**Rutherfords Gold Foil Experiment Model**__

__**Bibliography**__

1. Hounjet, Camile. "Devoloping Models of Mater." Pearson Saskatchewan Science 9. Toronto: Pearson, 2011. 152-153. Print.

2. "welsch & partner : gallery : selection : Graphics can be sorted by subject and type of graphic. Aktuelle Grafik: capLC-NMR hyphenation - Visualisation of the instrumental set-up for hyphenation of capillary-high performance liquid chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance. ." welsch & partner : aktuelles : aktuelles : Willkommen bei Welsch & Partner. Hier finden Sie Aktuelles und Neuigkeiten. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Sept. 2011. <http://www.welsch.com/e/index.php5?chap=5_1&gid=480&oldcat=Chemistry

3. "RUTHERFORD'S EXPERIMENT." //Oracle'ThinkQuest//. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Sept. 2011. <library.thinkquest.org/19662/low/eng/exp-rutherford.html>.

4. "Rutherford’s model of atom - Animation." //IBM HTTP Server//. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Oct. 2011. <http://explore.ecb.org/videos/VLC_file?TYPE=Animation&P1=343&REFERER=OTHER =__Niels Henrik David Bohr__= By Orion Niels Bohr was born in Copenhagen on October 7th, 1885. Niels, together with his younger brother Harald (a future Professor in Mathematics), grew up in a favourable home for the development of his genius- his father was a renowned physiologist (who was largely responsible for awakening his interest in physics while he was still at school), and his mother came from a family of educators. Niels enrolled into the Copenhagen University where he studied under Professor C. Christiansen, a very original and popular physicist, and took his Master's degree in Physics in 1909 and his Doctor's degree in 1911.

__Images__




__Pros__
 * Showed protons, neutrons, and electrons
 * improved on the planetary model

__Cons__

 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">"Much of the spectra of larger atoms. At best, it can make predictions about the K-alpha and some L-alpha X-ray emission spectra for larger atoms, if //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">two //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> additional ad hoc assumptions are made (see Moseley's law). Emission spectra for atoms with a single outer-shell electron (atoms in the lithium group) can also be approximately predicted. Also, if the empiric electron-nuclear screening factors for many atoms are known, many other spectral lines can be deduced from the information, in similar atoms of differing elements, via the Ritz-Rydberg combination principles (see Rydberg formula). All these techniques essentially make use of Bohr's Newtonian energy-potential picture of the atom.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">the relative intensities of spectral lines; although in some simple cases, Bohr's formula or modifications of it, was able to provide reasonable estimates (for example, calculations by Kramers for the Stark effect).
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">The existence of fine structure and hyper-fine structure in spectral lines, which are known to be due to a variety of relativistic and subtle effects, as well as complications from electron spin.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">The Zeeman effect - changes in spectral lines due to external magnetic fields; these are also due to more complicated quantum principles interacting with electron spin and orbital magnetic fields.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">The model also violates the uncertainty principle in that it considers electrons to have known orbits and definite radius, two things which cannot be directly known at once.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Doublets and Triplets: Appear in the spectra of some atoms: Very close pairs of lines. Bohr’s model cannot say why some energy levels should be very close together. -Multi-electron Atoms: don’t have energy levels predicted by the model. It doesn't work for (neutral) helium."
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Doublets and Triplets: Appear in the spectra of some atoms: Very close pairs of lines. Bohr’s model cannot say why some energy levels should be very close together. -Multi-electron Atoms: don’t have energy levels predicted by the model. It doesn't work for (neutral) helium."

- all cons from [|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr_model#Shortcomings]

__References__

 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Bohr Model-<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline;">__[]__
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Niels Bohr - Biography. (n.d.). Nobelprize.org. Retrieved September 28, 2011, from http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1922/bohr-bio.html
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Bohr's Model of an Atom | Chemistry.tutorvista.com. (n.d.). Online Chemistry Help by Expert Chemistry Tutors | Chemistry.tutorvista.com. Retrieved September 28, 2011, from http://chemistry.tutorvista.com/inorganic-chemistry/bohr-model-of-atom-and-quantum-theory.html
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">How do I make a model of an atom?. (n.d.). Science Education at Jefferson Lab. Retrieved October 3, 2011, from <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline;">__[]__
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Bohr model - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n.d.). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved October 3, 2011, from [|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr_model#Shortcomings]

__** Group Mark **__

**1803 -** Dalton discovered one of the original atom models. He was unable to see the atoms but found out they were small spheres. He found out that there a different elements and each atom of the same element are identical sizes. **1911 -** Rutherford and his students found out a crucial part of todays atom model, the nucleus. The advantages of the Rutherford model of the atom over J.J. Thomson’s model is that Rutherford has both protons, electrons and neucles all in there propper places in his model, when Thomson’s model just says there is positively charged energy sphere with electrons spread through it.
 * 1897 - ** Thomson found out more about the atom and its structure. He foud out that atoms have positive and negative charges in a atom. His model is more advanced then Dalton's modell because he in cludes the different charges in his but Dalton just had the spheres.
 * 1913 -** Shortly after Ernest Rutherfod came Niels Henrik David Bohr who discoverd the electon shells and how the nucleus has a differrent amout of protons and neutrons deppending on the ellement. His improve ment on the Rutherford model was that he had the number shells each atom will have and how many protons and neutrons are in each ellements neucleus.
 * Present - ** The Quantum model of an atom is the present model used in todays society. The Quantum model is not much an improvement from the Bohr model it just tweaked a few things to make the model more accurate. The main difference from Bohr's model to the Quantum model is there are more Quantum numbers in the Quantum model compared to the Bohr model.

All the Scientists from the contributated to todays atomic model the Quantum Model.